Introduction
This article will present a model for development of pure client-side applications where all the processing logic is implemented using jQuery and information is presented to the user directly on the client side using JavaScript View engines. In this application model, there is no server-side code except the Web Services that provide data. The only communication between the client side and the server-side code is done using AJAX calls that provide data and all the processing is done in the client-side code. This model is most suitable for JavaScript plugins but can be applied in pure JavaScript applications.JavaScript view engines are a new and interesting concept in web development. Classic web application development uses the same logic when pages are shown to the user - content that should be shown in the client’s browser is generated on the server side, and HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and other content is sent to the browser and presented to the user. If we take a look at the standard Model-View-Controller model, applications take data from some persistent storage (Model), perform some processing (Controller), and pass data to some rendering component (View) where the model is rendered. Regardless of what technology is used on the server-side (ASP.NET, J2EE, PHP), this logic is more or less applied in all application frameworks.
The logic behind this approach is an assumption that we have powerful and scalable servers, farms, clusters, or clouds on the server-side that can handle any number of requests, and that the client browser is weak and should not have a lot of processing. However, knowing that client computers have become more powerful and that browsers are getting faster, you might consider moving some logic to the browser. If you are using jQuery, processing logic is encapsulated in jQuery plugins that perform actions in the browser. JavaScript view engines introduce a new concept in web application development. Using JavaScript view engines, you can generate the view directly in the browser instead of on the server. If JavaScript view engines are used, server-side components (Controllers) send JavaScript objects represented in JSON notation (these JSON objects are Models), and these objects are rendered in the browser (in this case, the browser is a View component). The communication between the client-side code and server-side code is performed via AJAX calls. There are lot of JavaScript view engines such as jQuery template, Pure, noTemplate, jsTemplate, Populate that can be used to transform JSON to HTML – in this article, we will use the loadJSON plugin.
The general usage of the client-side view engines will be shown in the following example. I will assume that the following JavaScript is sent from the server and used as a model on the client side:
var data = {
"Name":"Emkay Entertainments",
"Address":"Nobel House, Regent Centre",
"Contact":"Phone"
}
This JavaScript object can be directly generated from the
server-side, returned via a Web Service call, or loaded via some AJAX
call. To show this object in the browser, we would need to have some
kind of template – the following template can be used with the loadJSON plugin:<div id="data">
<h1 id="Name"></h1>
<label for="Address">Address:</label>
<span id="Address"></span>
<label for="Contact">Contact by:</label>
<span id="Contact"></span>
</div>
In this template, we have classes that match properties on the JavaScript object by name. The jQuery loadJSON
plugin matches the JavaScript object with classes, ID, and names of the
HTML elements and loads the JSON object into the template using the
following call in the JavaScript code:("#data").loadJSON(data);
The result of this call is a template populated with the information from the JavaScript object. An example is shown below:<div id="data">
<h1 id="Name">Emkay Entertainments</h1>
<label for="Address">Address:</label>
<span id="Address">Nobel House, Regent Centre</span>
<label for="Contact">Contact by:</label>
<span id="Contact">Phone</span>
</div>
More details about the loadJSON plugin can be obtained on the plugin
site. I have described how JavaScript View engines can be used with
ASP.NET MVC applications in the “Using JavaScript View Engines in the ASP.NET MVC”
article, where I describe how you can generate a list, display details,
populate a form used for editing, or generate a hierarchical report. If
you want to see how JavaScript view engines can be used, you might take
a look at this article. In this article, I will present a new concept
of usage of JavaScript engines – integration with third party
applications directly in the browser.Background
JavaScript View engines enable you to create fully functional client-side applications without server-side code that generates HTML. If you are using JavaScript View engines and AJAX, you can make queries to the Web Services that return response that can be handled on the client side. If you have some public Web Service that provides information via JSON format, you can create pure JavaScript code that calls this service and use JavaScript view engines to generate content directly in the browser window. The concept of using Web Services from the client-side code is shown in the following figure:
Although everything is done on the client side, you will need to have a web server where the page will be placed and loaded in the browser using a standard HTTP
GET or POST request. The
web server should return an initial HTML of the web page. Once the page
is loaded, the application that works with the JavaScript view engines
can take all the necessary information from the Web Services. Using AJAX
calls, you can send requests back to the server or even to third party
services, take a response, and show it in the browser window using
JavaScript view engines. If AJAX calls are sent to the original server, a
standard JSON object will be returned; however, if AJAX calls are sent
to the other servers, JSONP protocol should be used (you can find more information about the JSON/JSONP AJAX calls below). As you can see, once the page is loaded in the browser, AJAX is the basic communication protocol between the client and server.
In this article, we will use Bing Maps as a public service, and we will see how to create a pure JavaScript application that calls Bing Maps using AJAX calls, take JSON response, and show it in the page. For converting JSON to HTML, we will use the loadJSON plugin but any other view engine can be used instead. If we use the MVC model to describe the application structure, in this type of application, we have the following components:
- Model - The model represents the information structure taken from the remote service. In this example, the model is a JSON object retrieved from the Bing Maps Web Service. The information in the model objects will be shown to the user in the browser.
- Controller – In this application model, the controller is also moved to the client-side. The Controller has functionalities implemented in JavaScript using the jQuery library that reacts on the client events, takes model data from the services, and sends them to the view engine.
- View is the JavaScript view engine that generates the HTML based on the JSON model. In this example, the loadJSON plugin is used as the view engine.
- It will enable the user to search locations by keyword - the results will be shown in the list and on the map.
- The user will be able to position any result in the center of the map.
- The user will be able to adjust the zoom level of the map.
Bing Maps REST API
Bing Maps provide a set of Web services you can use to search addresses, generate maps, display routes between two points, etc. The only thing you need is a BingMaps key you can get on the Microsoft Bing Maps site (it is free). Once you have a key, you can send various queries to the BingMaps server. Bing maps provides both SOAP and REST Web Services. In this example, we will use the REST web services provided by the Bing Maps because they can be easily integrated with JavaScript code (SOAP Web Services are better for server-side calls). Examples of some requests you can send to the Bing Maps REST Web Services are:- If you want to find objects on the address or using a keyword, you can open the following URL: http://dev.virtualearth.net/REST/v1/Locations/US/WA/98052/Redmond/1 Microsoft Way?o=xml&key=BingMapsKey
- You can also get the map of an area using the following call: http://dev.virtualearth.net/REST/v1/Imagery/Map/Road/47.619048,-122.35384/15?mapSize=500,500&pp=47.620495,-122.34931;21;AA&pp=47.619385,-122.351485;;AB&pp=47.616295,-122.3556;22&mapVersion=v1&key=BingMapsKey
Instead of Bing Maps, you can use any other public service - the only prerequisite is that the service supports the JSONP protocol.
Calling Services using AJAX Calls
Once you know what you can get from the external Web Service (Bing Maps in this case), you will need to make AJAX calls to this service. jQuery provides an easy way to send AJAX requests to the server-side page using the following code:$.ajax({
url: "<<URL>>",
success: function (data) { }
});
Instead of <<URL>>, you should place the real address of
the web page or Web Service you want to call, and if the request
succeeds, a success function fill be called.This works fine when you make AJAX calls to the same server where your page is loaded, however, if the URL is on third party sites, the browser blocks the call. In most browsers, cross-site AJAX calls are not allowed and the result of the AJAX call will be an empty string. However, there is a way to perform cross-site AJAX calls if you are using the JSONP protocol. An example of the jQuery call to the URL using JSONP is shown in the following listing:
$.ajax({
url: "<<URL>>",
dataType: "jsonp",
jsonp: "jsonp",
success: function (data) { }
});
If the server-side application accepts JSONP calls, a success
functional will be called even if this is a cross-side call. You can
find more information about creating JSONP requests on the jQuery site. The Bing Maps service allows the JSONP protocol so it can be used in this example. Loading the Response into the Page
Once you perform an AJAX call and get a JSON object from the server-side, you can load it into the template using a JavaScript view engine (loadJSON plugin in this example). As described above, if you have a template that matches the JSON structure, you can load it easily into the page using the following code:$("#template").loadJSON(data);
This code should be placed in the success handler of the AJAX call.
Once the JSON object is loaded into the page, you can attach the event
handlers to the elements and perform additional AJAX calls to get new
information if needed – without any server-side code.In this section, basic concepts of usage of JavaScript view engines with third party public services is described. In the following section, an example of how you can create simple Bing Maps application with pure JavaScript logic is shown.
Using the Code
This example shows how you can use the loadJSON plugin to generate a simple Bing Maps interface. Note that this is just a case study that shows how you can use JavaScript view engines to integrate third party data – if you need a Bing Maps interface, it would be better to use some existing component such as Bing Maps JavaScript control or some jQuery Bing Maps plugin.In this example, I will create a simple application that enables you to search for location based on query, display results in the HTML list and map, and enable some simple interaction with map (setting the center of the map, zoom-in, and zoom-out). The displayed results are shown in the following figure:
In the list and map are displayed all locations that match the search condition; the coordinates of the locations are paced in the links, and when you click on the link, the selected location will be placed in the center. You can see a live version of this application on the loadJSON demo page. The following sections describe the model, view, and controller code used to implement this example.
Model
As it is described above, model is JSON object returned by the Bing Maps service. In the following listing is shown JSON code returned by the Bing Maps service when query that returns location is executed:{
"brandLogoUri" : "http://dev.virtualearth.net/Branding/logo_powered_by.png",
"resourceSets" : [ {
"resources" : [ {
"name" : "Regent Street, London NW10 5",
"point" : { "coordinates" : [ 51.528781000000002,-0.216583] }
},
{ "name" : "Regent Street, London W1S 2",
"point" : { "coordinates" : [ 51.511755000000001,-0.139491] }
},
{ "name" : "Regent Street, London W4 3",
"point" : { "coordinates" : [ 51.488630999999998,-0.28262900000000002] }
}
]
} ]
}
Within the resources array is placed list of location objects that
contains name of the location and point where location is placed. Point contains
coordinates object that has latitude and longitude information. This
information structure will be loaded using the view engine. View
View is responsible for user interface and if you are using JavaScript view engines this is pure static HTML. In this example, we need a form where user can enter address and run a search. This is HTML code shown in the following listing:<div id="searchDiv">
<label for="searchBox">Search: </label>
<input id="searchBox" /><button id="search">Search</button>
</div>
When the user performs a search, JSON results returned from the Bing
Maps service will be loaded into the template. The structure HTML
template matches the structure of JSON object. HTML template used in
this example is shown in the listing below:<div id="data" style="display:none">
<img src="#" id="brandLogoUri" />
<div id="copyright"></div>
<div id="slider"></div>
<img src="#" id="searchmap" />
<ol class="resourceSets">
<li class="resources">
<span class="name"></span>
<span class="point">
(<a href="#" class="coordinates">
<span rel="0"></span>,<span rel="1"></span>
</a>)
</span>
</li>
</ol>
<a href="BingMapsSearch.html">New search</a>
</div>
In the HTML structure can be found empty elements with classes brandLogoUrl, name, and coordinates where JSON properties will be loaded. Elements with classes resourceSet and resource are placed just to match the structure of the JSON object. In the element with the class “point” are placed two elements with rel attributes 0 and 1 where
first and second element of the coordinates array will be placed. In
this structure can be loaded elements from the JSON object that
represents a model. JSON object will be loaded into the template using a
following JavaScript call: $("#data").ladJSON(data);
Variable data will be returned as a response from the Bing Maps ajax call. Controller
Controller is implemented on the client side as a set of JQuery event handlers. In this application, controller has the following functions:- Finding a location that matches search query and displaying results in the list and map
- Setting some of the locations returned in the center of the map
- Zooming in and out map
Finding locations based on query
When user enters an address in the searchBox text box and presses the search button, AJAX call is sent to Bing Maps with a query and an authentication key. When the request is successfully completed, result of the AJAX call is loaded into the template, search form is hidden, and template is shown. In addition, center of the map is set and map is shown. Code for this action is shown in the following listing:$("#search").click( function () {
$.ajax({
url: "http://dev.virtualearth.net/REST/v1/Locations",
dataType: "jsonp",
data: {
key: key,
q: $("#searchBox").val()
},
jsonp: "jsonp",
success: function (data) {
$("#searchDiv").hide();
$("#data").loadJSON(data).fadeIn("slow");
center = $($(".point .coordinates")[0]).text();
showMap();
}
});
});
In the AJAX call is sent value entered in the searchBox text
input so Bing Maps service can return locations that match this search
query. The most important processing is placed in the success handler.
When request is successfully completed search box is hidden, JSON
results are loaded into the template and shown in the page, coordinates
of the first point are found and set as a center of the map, and
function for showing a map is called (this function fill be described
later). Variable center is globally defined variable that is used in all functions described in this section.Setting the position of the map
In this example, when user clicks on the any link containing coordinates, selected location is placed as a center of the map. In the links with class "coordinates" are loaded coordinates of each location, so when user click on any of these links text will be set as center of the map as it is shown in the following listing:
$("a.coordinates").live("click", function(event){
center = $(this).text();
showMap();
});
Once the center variable is set, map is refreshed using a showMap() method. Variable center is the same one that is used in the previous function.Adjusting zoom level of the image
In this example application, the user is able to change the zoom level of the map. Changing the zoom level is enables using a JQuery UI slider where user can change value of zoom level between 1 and 19. Code for setting JQuery UI slide is shown in the following listing: $( "#slider" ).slider({
value:12,
min: 1,
max: 19,
step: 1,
slide: function( event, ui ) {
zoom = ui.value;
showMap();
}
});
Slider is placed in the empty DIV with an id "slider" and it is initialized as a JQuery UI slider control with value ranges from 1 to 19 (these are set as zoom levels). When a slider value is changed in the slide event handler zoom value is set to the current value of the slider and map is shown again. Variable zoom is defined as a global variable.Utility function for showing the map
The last part of JQuery code is a utility function that shows a map. Function is shown in the following listing:function showMap(){
var pushpins = "";
var i = 1;
$("a.coordinates").each(function(){
pushpins += "&pp="+$(this).text()+";;"+(i++); } );
$("#searchmap").attr("src",
"http://dev.virtualearth.net/REST/V1/Imagery/Map/road/"+center+"/"+
zoom+"?mapSize=600,400&ml=TrafficFlow&mapVersion=v1&key="+
key+pushpins);
}
This function takes all coordinates from the links and format pushpins that will be placed on the map. Global variables center and zoom are set in the previous functions. Map is shown when src attribute of the image is set to the URL that returns image with pushpins from the Bing Maps server.Conclusion
I have shown in this article how you can use JavaScript view engine to create pure JavaScript components that use third party services (Bing Maps in this example). View engines enable you to move all processing to the client side and this is perfect if you are creating UI components such as JQuery plugins that should generate HTML based on the JSON data. View engines enable you to easily handle generating HTML and to focus on the logic of your plugin or client-side code.Shown here are the basic concepts of creating fat-client JavaScript applications or plugins using JQuery, making cross-site calls to the external sites, and generating view on the client side using the loadJSON JavaScript view engine. This new application model is different from a classic server-side model where everything is generated on the server. Knowing that client computers get more powerful with more faster browsers that can handle lot of JavaScript processing, it is reasonable to consider moving some processing to the client side if this would improve performances of overall application.
Although it is shown here how Bing Maps service can be integrated in your site, this is not a guideline for using Bing Maps. If you want to integrate Bing Maps into your site, you should use something like a Bing Maps AJAX Control, Version 7.0. You will use code described in this article if you want to create your own plugins or maybe if you need simper or customized look of the Bing Maps control.
To see how this works, you can either download the code example or go to the live demo page.
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